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气功养生学历史简况(3)

2019-03-11 11:15:19 admin 阅读(1317)

「导读」气功养生学历史简况

《备急千金要方》是唐代孙思邈所作。该书各章内均有导引的论述,认为“养生之道,常欲小劳”。“人身气息得理,即百病不生……,善摄生者须调息方焉”。“和神调气之道,当得密室……正身偃卧……瞑目,闭气于胸中,鸿毛著鼻而不动,经三百息,耳无所谓,目无所见,心无所思……。”此外,他还介绍了六字诀的具体运用、天竺国按摩波罗门法十八势、老子按摩四十九个动作。另据《唐书﹒艺文志》等史志记载,孙氏还有如《摄生真录》、《摄养枕中方》等多种著作。

在《外台秘要》中,王焘常于处方之前,先列导引吐纳的锻炼方法。如心腹痛及胀满痛,在方前说:“常静清,以鸡鸣,安身卧,漱口三咽之,调五脏,令人长生,疗心腹痛。”书中承袭了《诸病源候论》的养生导引诸法,并补充了若干锻炼方法。佛教发展至隋唐之际,进入了鼎盛时期,形成了许多宗派,其中天台宗创始人智椅倡导的止观法在隋以后的气功发展中具有一定影响,他的调身、调息、调心锻炼的分类法和数、随、止、观、还、净“六妙法门”,为后世练功者所重视。

在唐代,当时社会上一些知识分子颇重视服气、静坐等气功修炼。如柳宗元对服气方法就有相当了解,他在《与李睦州论服气书》中指出:有些服气书多美言是“不可传之书”,但不可照书去做,应有明师指导,否则有害无益。同时指出了李睦州服气以来“貌加老,而心少观愉”的原因就是“用斯术,而未得路”。

再是大诗人白居易,晚年静坐,颇多心得,有《静坐诗》为证:“灵暄闭目坐,和气生肌肤。初饮似醇醪,又为蛰者苏。外融百骸,中适一念无。旷然忘所在,心与虚俱空”。

(六)气功养生学的普及提高期—宋元时期(公元960年~1368年)

由于宋代印刷术的进步,促使气功文献的整理与研究大规模开展。一方面,由政府组织编辑医学方书和道教丛书中的气功文献,如《圣济总录》、《云笈七签》等;另一方面,也有些私人对气功古篇进行了整理注释和研究,如曹造的《道枢》以及各家对《参同契》、《黄庭经》所作的注释等。

《圣济总录》是北宋后期一部既有理论又有经验的巨,不仅博采众家之方,而且汇集了北宋以前的导引服气之法,分为六十门。其中《神仙导引》上篇,主要是保健功内容;《神仙导引》下篇,包括太上混元按摩法和天竺按摩法;《神仙服气》上篇,内有行气法、闭气法、行五行气法、十二时食气法、食五行气法、服六戊法等;《神仙服气》中篇,载取阳时法和真理六气诀等;《神仙服气》下篇,为服气法的专辑。

《云笈七签》系张君房奉命领校道书,于天禧三年编成《大宋天官宝藏》后又摘其精要而辑成。该书凡一百二十卷,其中“杂修摄”类,保留了许多北宋以前的气功功法和专著。“存思”一类,载有许多存思法和存思专著,并且保存了《黄庭外经》和《黄庭内经》两书的较早注本。

曹造的《道枢》共四十二卷,一百零八篇,大量汇集了南宋以前内丹、导引、行气的各家学说,如《真诰篇》是摘录了《真诰》一书有关导引、存思内容而成;《枕中篇》是摘录孙氏《摄养枕中方》而成;《黄庭篇》、《内景篇》、《外景篇》等,均为黄庭派内丹气功的专论。

在这一时期,各派气功有了较大进展,形成了各自的特点。导引派气功,大致有三个特点:一是同中医理论的结合,《陈希夷坐功图》就是以中医理论中的运气学说作为指导思想;二是仿生导引新探索,如《道枢﹒圣胎篇》中的“摆风翅”等式;三是导引形式的日趋精简。行气派气功,其发展亦有三个特点:一是练功时间的改革;二是佛学渗入胎息理论;三是胎息、六气诀等功法的不断衍进。内丹派气功,继隋唐五代气功的兴起,此时进入了黄金时代,内丹研究风靡一时,据《通志﹒艺文略》等史志书目记载,内丹著作共达百余部。

宋元时期的气功医学也有了显著的进步,不仅使许多行之有效的传统功法在临床实践中得到新的验证,而且还发明了不少短小精悍的新功法,同时对气功理论也有探索。张锐的《鸡峰普济》中就有一段关于意气理论及功法的记述:“意者气之使,意有所到则气到,每体不安处,则微闭气,以意引气到疾所而攻之,必差”。

在金元四大医家的著作里,也不乏气功临床的记载。刘河间在《素问玄机原病式》中提到了用六字诀治病,并著有《摄生论》。张子和在《儒门事亲》中曾说:“……导引、按摩、凡解表者,皆汗法也”。李东垣在《兰室秘藏》中论及因劳倦而致的木旺乘土的病证时说:“当病之时,宜安心静坐,以养其气”。朱丹溪在《丹溪心法》中则谈到:“气滞痿厥寒热者,治以导引”。

此外,宋代一些文学家如欧阳修、苏东坡、陆游等和一些理学家如程颐、朱熹等均有练习静功导引的体会和论述。

(七)气功养生学的新发展期—明清时期(公元1368年~1911年)

明清时代,雕版印刷发达,极大地促进了出版事业的发展。因而,此时的医学方书以及丛书、类书,对于古代气功文献的保存、整理起了重要作用。

《普济方》是我国现存最大的一部医学方书,由明初朱棣等编纂,收载导引、服气等养生法七百余条,保留了十五世纪以前有关气功疗法的大量珍贵文献。

《道藏》、《续道藏》分别刊行于明正统十年和万历三十五年,是现存最丰富的道教总集,共五千四百八十五卷,其中气功专著包括吐纳、导引、存思、内丹等就多达数百余种。


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article------>{"id":291,"cid":5,"sub_cid":"","title":"气功养生学历史简况(3)","short_title":"0","tag_id":"","attr":"","seo_title":"0","seo_keywords":"","seo_description":"1","source":"网络","author":"admin","description":"气功养生学历史简况","img":"","content":"<p>《备急千金要方》是唐代孙思邈所作。该书各章内均有导引的论述,认为“养生之道,常欲小劳”。“人身气息得理,即百病不生……,善摄生者须调息方焉”。“和神调气之道,当得密室……正身偃卧……瞑目,闭气于胸中,鸿毛著鼻而不动,经三百息,耳无所谓,目无所见,心无所思……。”此外,他还介绍了六字诀的具体运用、天竺国按摩波罗门法十八势、老子按摩四十九个动作。另据《唐书﹒艺文志》等史志记载,孙氏还有如《摄生真录》、《摄养枕中方》等多种著作。</p><p>在《外台秘要》中,王焘常于处方之前,先列导引吐纳的锻炼方法。如心腹痛及胀满痛,在方前说:“常静清,以鸡鸣,安身卧,漱口三咽之,调五脏,令人长生,疗心腹痛。”书中承袭了《诸病源候论》的养生导引诸法,并补充了若干锻炼方法。佛教发展至隋唐之际,进入了鼎盛时期,形成了许多宗派,其中天台宗创始人智椅倡导的止观法在隋以后的气功发展中具有一定影响,他的调身、调息、调心锻炼的分类法和数、随、止、观、还、净“六妙法门”,为后世练功者所重视。</p><p>在唐代,当时社会上一些知识分子颇重视服气、静坐等气功修炼。如柳宗元对服气方法就有相当了解,他在《与李睦州论服气书》中指出:有些服气书多美言是“不可传之书”,但不可照书去做,应有明师指导,否则有害无益。同时指出了李睦州服气以来“貌加老,而心少观愉”的原因就是“用斯术,而未得路”。</p><p>再是大诗人白居易,晚年静坐,颇多心得,有《静坐诗》为证:“灵暄闭目坐,和气生肌肤。初饮似醇醪,又为蛰者苏。外融百骸,中适一念无。旷然忘所在,心与虚俱空”。</p><p>(六)气功养生学的普及提高期—宋元时期(公元960年~1368年)</p><p>由于宋代印刷术的进步,促使气功文献的整理与研究大规模开展。一方面,由政府组织编辑医学方书和道教丛书中的气功文献,如《圣济总录》、《云笈七签》等;另一方面,也有些私人对气功古篇进行了整理注释和研究,如曹造的《道枢》以及各家对《参同契》、《黄庭经》所作的注释等。</p><p>《圣济总录》是北宋后期一部既有理论又有经验的巨,不仅博采众家之方,而且汇集了北宋以前的导引服气之法,分为六十门。其中《神仙导引》上篇,主要是保健功内容;《神仙导引》下篇,包括太上混元按摩法和天竺按摩法;《神仙服气》上篇,内有行气法、闭气法、行五行气法、十二时食气法、食五行气法、服六戊法等;《神仙服气》中篇,载取阳时法和真理六气诀等;《神仙服气》下篇,为服气法的专辑。</p><p>《云笈七签》系张君房奉命领校道书,于天禧三年编成《大宋天官宝藏》后又摘其精要而辑成。该书凡一百二十卷,其中“杂修摄”类,保留了许多北宋以前的气功功法和专著。“存思”一类,载有许多存思法和存思专著,并且保存了《黄庭外经》和《黄庭内经》两书的较早注本。</p><p>曹造的《道枢》共四十二卷,一百零八篇,大量汇集了南宋以前内丹、导引、行气的各家学说,如《真诰篇》是摘录了《真诰》一书有关导引、存思内容而成;《枕中篇》是摘录孙氏《摄养枕中方》而成;《黄庭篇》、《内景篇》、《外景篇》等,均为黄庭派内丹气功的专论。</p><p>在这一时期,各派气功有了较大进展,形成了各自的特点。导引派气功,大致有三个特点:一是同中医理论的结合,《陈希夷坐功图》就是以中医理论中的运气学说作为指导思想;二是仿生导引新探索,如《道枢﹒圣胎篇》中的“摆风翅”等式;三是导引形式的日趋精简。行气派气功,其发展亦有三个特点:一是练功时间的改革;二是佛学渗入胎息理论;三是胎息、六气诀等功法的不断衍进。内丹派气功,继隋唐五代气功的兴起,此时进入了黄金时代,内丹研究风靡一时,据《通志﹒艺文略》等史志书目记载,内丹著作共达百余部。</p><p>宋元时期的气功医学也有了显著的进步,不仅使许多行之有效的传统功法在临床实践中得到新的验证,而且还发明了不少短小精悍的新功法,同时对气功理论也有探索。张锐的《鸡峰普济》中就有一段关于意气理论及功法的记述:“意者气之使,意有所到则气到,每体不安处,则微闭气,以意引气到疾所而攻之,必差”。</p><p>在金元四大医家的著作里,也不乏气功临床的记载。刘河间在《素问玄机原病式》中提到了用六字诀治病,并著有《摄生论》。张子和在《儒门事亲》中曾说:“……导引、按摩、凡解表者,皆汗法也”。李东垣在《兰室秘藏》中论及因劳倦而致的木旺乘土的病证时说:“当病之时,宜安心静坐,以养其气”。朱丹溪在《丹溪心法》中则谈到:“气滞痿厥寒热者,治以导引”。</p><p>此外,宋代一些文学家如欧阳修、苏东坡、陆游等和一些理学家如程颐、朱熹等均有练习静功导引的体会和论述。</p><p>(七)气功养生学的新发展期—明清时期(公元1368年~1911年)</p><p>明清时代,雕版印刷发达,极大地促进了出版事业的发展。因而,此时的医学方书以及丛书、类书,对于古代气功文献的保存、整理起了重要作用。</p><p>《普济方》是我国现存最大的一部医学方书,由明初朱棣等编纂,收载导引、服气等养生法七百余条,保留了十五世纪以前有关气功疗法的大量珍贵文献。</p><p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</p><p>《道藏》、《续道藏》分别刊行于明正统十年和万历三十五年,是现存最丰富的道教总集,共五千四百八十五卷,其中气功专著包括吐纳、导引、存思、内丹等就多达数百余种。</p><p><br></p>","status":0,"pv":1317,"link":"1","createdAt":"2019-03-11 11:15:19","updatedAt":"2024-04-18 13:38:22","field":{},"tags":[]}

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imgs------>[{"id":831,"title":"每天只需一招抬脚功,能降“百种病”!","short_title":"","img":"https://p8.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220718/a1d679888d4e44f58fb4f3834cb7b40a.jpeg","createdAt":"2023-03-22T12:01:22.000Z","description":"每天晚上,在睡前花15分钟抬抬脚,坚持二、三个月,就可以改善体质、精力倍增,对于生理不适、便秘、胃肠消化不良、尿失禁、前列腺肿大等百种病都有一定的防治作用。","pinyin":"yangshengqigong","name":"养生气功","path":"/yangshengqigong"},{"id":508,"title":"无为祛病法——静坐","short_title":"0","img":"http://static.hongkongdaily.net/shijieqigong/20200123-13-13-33_15481_04.jpg","createdAt":"2020-01-22T20:59:52.000Z","description":"我们生活在世,难免会有各种疾病,一切疾病可分为身病和心病两大类。平时人们往往只重视身病,而忽视心病,更不知身病的主要病因也起源于心。心虚则气弱,心惊则肉跳,心弛则神往,心烦则意乱,心乱则气散,心平则气和。凡执着财、色、名、食、睡等一切贪欲,加之贪而不得,势必生出瞋恚之心,引发愤怒、嫉妒、忧伤、思虑等等不正常的心理。这些混乱的心理导致神志涣散,心态失衡。最终引发气血失调,气滞血瘀,生出种种疾病。","pinyin":"yangshengqigong","name":"养生气功","path":"/yangshengqigong"},{"id":444,"title":"第三章 气功锻炼的基本姿式(2)-坐式《气功疗法和保健》","short_title":"0","img":"http://static.hongkongdaily.net/shijieqigong/20190718-21-05-56_15908_3.jpg","createdAt":"2019-07-18T05:08:22.000Z","description":"坐式可分为盘膝和端坐两种:3.2.1 盘膝式 &nbsp;又分为双盘、单盘、自然盘膝三种姿式。双盘作法,先用左腿加于右腿之上,然后再以右腿加于左腿的上面、两脚心向上,两膝紧压软垫,头颈和上身端直,以坐稳舒适为宜。此种姿式,没有功夫的人,很难做到。对于有病的人,若双盘膝很感困难,则可以采用单盘坐法,即以左腿于右腿上,或用右腿放在左腿上,随各人习惯而定,不拘一格。两腿互相重叠,惟上腿足心向上,其余与双盘膝同。如因体弱,单盘仍不能耐坐,可采用自然盘膝,此法以两腿交叉而坐,两脚心各压在腿下(如图4)。妇女可以把两","pinyin":"yangshengqigong","name":"养生气功","path":"/yangshengqigong"}]

pre------>{"id":290,"title":"气功养生学历史简况(2)","name":"养生气功","path":"/yangshengqigong"}

next------>{"id":292,"title":"气功养生学历史简况(4)","name":"养生气功","path":"/yangshengqigong"}